Clinical Psychology: Research and Practice Innovations

Clinical Psychology: Research and Practice Innovations"

Effective platforms in the formation of addiction in Iran through a systematic review of previous studies using the meta-synthesis method

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mohamad Khaledian
Banafshe Hasanvand
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
10.22075/jcp.2025.37477.3167
Abstract
Background: Drug addiction are one of the complex social issues of the present era that is the basis for many social harms and deviations. The present study aimed to design a meta-synthesis model of effective contexts in the formation of addiction in Iran by systematically reviewing previous studies.
Method: For this purpose, a qualitative approach and a meta-synthesis approach were used. The documents under study were collected by searching for keywords related to addiction and drug use in the period between 2016 and 2024 in the Civilica, SID, magiran, and Addiction Research Quarterly databases. The quality assessment of the results (validity) was carried out by consulting with several experts and reliability assessment using the kappa coefficient.
Results: That by examining 41 articles out of 3292 initial articles, it was determined that the underlying contexts (individual (physical), individual (psychological), family); revealing contexts (interpersonal, peer, environmental and emotional); sustaining contexts (cultural, social, economic (occupational), spiritual-belief); intensifying contexts (skill and habit, preventive treatments, educational) play a role in the formation of addiction and drug use based on previous research, each of these components and categories included multiple concepts.
Conclusion: It is concluded that, based on various studies, various and numerous factors play a role in addiction and drug use. By identifying these factors, it is possible to provide a basis for preventing addiction. By identifying them, it is also possible to provide comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the contexts and causes that influence the formation of addiction and drug use.
Keywords
addiction
drug use
meta-synthesis
Qualitative approach
preventive treatments
Subjects
  1. Zarei S, Jabalameli S, Moghimian M, Nikyar H. The Effectiveness of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy on Drug Beliefs and Addiction Memory in Opioid Addicts Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2024; 19(73): 74-83. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmpr.2023.57303.5683.
  2. Saadatkhah M, Narimani M, Mousazadeh T, Taklavi Varnyab S. Comparing the Effects of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Alexithymia in Males with Substance Use Disorder. MEJDS. 2021; 11:65-65. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/mejds.0.0.146.
  3. Moradi A, Nouri H. Identifying and prioritizing the Factors Affecting Drug Addiction to Drug Addiction Centers in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Public Management Researches. 2024; 17(65): 231-258. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22111/jmr.2024.45716.6006.
  4. Bakhshi Jeghnab G, Ashayeri T, Ahmadi Milasi M. Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis of Research Studies Related to Factors Affecting Substance Use in Iran from 2002 to 2021. Etiadpajohi. 2023; 17 (69):7-38. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/etiadpajohi.17.69.7.
  5. Pourganji A, Alinejad M. The Semantic Understanding of Substance Users who are Members of Narcotics Anonymous towards Addiction, its Process and Treatment. Etiadpajohi. 2024; 18 (71):103-138. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/etiadpajohi.18.71.103.
  6. Nemati F, Shahmoradi S, Rahimi F S, Khaledian M. Investigating the Factors Affecting Drug Abuse and Addiction with a Grounded Theoretical Approach. Etiadpajohi. 2020; 14 (57):11-34. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/etiadpajohi.14.57.11.
  7. Khaledian M, Nemati F, Madani Y. On the effectiveness of marital relationship enrichment training program on marital satisfaction, lovemaking styles and couples’ communication patterns in addicted people. Cultural Psychology. 2023; 7(1): 236-258. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30487/jcp.2023.330283.1388.
  8. Haghmohamadi sharahi G, Janbozorgi M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 12-step addiction treatment and Spiritually Multidimensional Psychotherapy on mental health and religious adherence in Substance Dependents. Cultural Psychology. 2021; 5(1): 61-86. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30487/jcp.2021.280725.1252.
  9. Khaledian M, Shahmoradi S, Madani, Y. Explanation of the Process of Formation of Marital Burnout in Women with Addicted Spouses. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2023; 12(2): 89-124. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/fcp.2023.62732.
  10. Esmaeili R, Esmaeili M. Quality of life in the elderly: A meta-synthesis. J Res Relig Health. 2018; 4(2): 105- 116. [Persian]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i2.18436.
  11. Zimmer L. Qualitative meta-synthesis: a question of dialoguing with texts. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2006; 53(3): 311–318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03721.x
  12. Mohammadi G, Salimi G, Mohammadi M. Meta-Synthesis Studies on Managers' Ethical Policy with the Perspective of the Islamic lessons. Journal of Organizational Culture Management. 2018; 16(3): 725-749. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2018.218302.1007009
  13. Nemati Sogolitappeh F, Salehi K, Rahimi FS, Khaledian M. Components of Quality of Marital Life: A Meta-Composite Study. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2021; 10(1): 45-68. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/fcp.2020.61648.
  14. Sandelowski M, Barros J. Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. Springer publishing company Inc. 2007.
  15. Finfgeld DL. Meta synthesis: The state of the art—so far. Qualitative Health Research. 2003; 13(7): 893-904.
  16. Mirzakhani F, Khodadadi Sangdeh J. Psychological Factors Predisposing Women to Addiction: A Qualitative Study. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2017; 26 (145):332-344. [Persian]. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-9484-fa.html.
  17. Ayati S, Amir Ahmadi R, Ismaeili A. Studying the Lived Experience of Young People with Substance Use Disorder in the City of Bojnourd to Achieve an Explanatory Model. Etiadpajohi. 2022; 16 (65): 333-354. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.65.333.
  18. Mohamadpourlima H, Mohsenitabrizi, A. A Sociological Explanation of Effective Factors on Tendency Toward Risky Behavior in the Rural Areas of Guilan province (Case Study: Drug Abuse and Addiction in the Eshkevar Rural Areas, RahimAbad District of Rudsar). Investigating Iran's social issues. 2017; 8(2): 191-207. [Persian]. https://www.doi.org/10.22059/ijsp.2018.65059.
  19. Foladi A. Investigating the causes of addiction in East Azerbaijan Province - Tabriz City. Social Health and Addiction. 2016; 3(10): 55-74. [Persian]. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20170923163705-9980-65.pdf
  20. Enayet H, Ghafari D. Phenomenological Study of Women's Substance Abuse. Etiadpajohi. 2019; 13­(51):31-54. [Persian]. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-1917-fa.html.
  21. Bakhshi G, Ashayeri T, Jahanparvar T, Bagheri S. Study of factors affecting women's addiction: Meta-analysis of research from 2009 to 2021. Women and Society. 2023; 14(1): 91-112. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30495/jzvj.2023.30904.3897.
  22. Asadi SM, Porzoor P. Investigating the causes of tendency to use substances (addiction) in Ardabil. Etiadpajohi. 2020; 14 (56):169-198. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/etiadpajohi.14.56.169.
  23. Ghasemzadeh D. A Qualitative Study of Causes and Contexts of Substance Use Disorder among Students in the City of Tabriz. Etiadpajohi. 2023; 17 (67):101-126. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.17.67.101.
  24. Mansourian M, Ebadi Fard Azar F, Rastgari Mehr B, Solhi M, Dehdari T, Taghdisi MH, et al. Personal and environmental factors affecting drug abuse tendency in addicts: a qualitative study. Payesh. 2016; 15 (3):281-291. [Persian]. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.16807626.1395.15.3.6.0.
  25. Zamani A, Mehtarpour, M. Analysis of the views of adolescents in Minab city on addiction: A qualitative phenomenological study. Youth Educational Sciences. 2024; 3: 2-10. [Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/paper/2810556
  26. Moghdam M H. Exploring the Family Contexts and the Consequences of the Addiction Phenomenon among Men in the City of Ahvaz. Etiadpajohi. 2023; 16 (66):145-170. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.66.145.
  27. Abdeli Soltan Ahmadi J, Amani Saribagloo J. Effective Factors in Youth Drug Abuse in Iran: Analysis of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps based on Expert Opinion. Etiadpajohi. 2016; 10 (39):195-212. [Persian]. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-823-fa.html.
  28. Gholami Abiz M, Enayat H, khosravi R. Women's Life Experience of a Disordered Family in the Process of Addiction. Etiadpajohi. 2021; 14 (58):113-142. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/etiadpajohi.14.58.113.
  29. Ghiyasi S, Moradi A, Habibian S, Mardanizad E. Investigating the causes of addiction from the perspective of students of Payam Noor University of Shahrekord. Social Harms of Children and Adolescents. 2019; 29(1): 77-98. [Persian]. http://chb.jrl.police.ir/article_94194.html
  30. Sadeghifasaei S, Jahandarlashki Z, Kalantari A. Analysis of addiction among married men in a qualitative study. Strategic Studies of Women. 2020; 22(87): 63-88. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22095/jwss.2020.108885.1405.
  31. Gholami Abiz M, Enayat H, Ahmadi H. Qualitative exploration of the contexts and consequences of women's addiction in South Khorasan. Women and Society. 12(2): 91-105. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30495/jzvj.2021.25899.3348.
  32. Soleimani E, Kazemzadeh N, Hosseini K, Iskanderpour B. Investigating the Factors Affecting Women's Trends with Addiction in West Azarbaijan Province and presentation of the solution: Quantitative-Qualitative Study. Etiadpajohi. 2022; 15 (62):7-44. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.15.62.7.
  33. Ghaderi S, Nouri R, Karimi J. Etiology of Women’s addiction (A Comparative Study). Journal of Social Problems of Iran. 2017; 8(1): 139-162. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijsp.2017.64137.
  34. Mirfardi A, Shahriari M. Ethnographic Study of Folk Norms and Recommendations Encouraging Drug Use (Case of Arab People of Ahvaz City). Etiadpajohi. 2017; 11­(43):105-126. [Persian]. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-1081-fa.html.
  35. Afsar A, Erfani N. Factors affecting relapse among patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in substance abuse treatment centers in Hamadan. Police Cultural Studies. 2017; 4(1): 63-74. [Persian]. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1614165583-10371-99-68.pdf
  36. Niazi M, Hosseinizadeh Arani S, Naghipourayouki S. Investigating social factors related to addiction in Kashani families. Prevention Approach. 2022, 4(3): 65-90. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/cpaq.2021.246880.
  37. Khajedehi Z, Rahimi T, Paricheher A. Adolescents’ Perception of Risky and Protective Factors for Drug Abuse: Guided Content Analysis Based on Ecological Model Approach. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences. 2016; 5(3): 263-272. [Persian]. https://jqr1.kmu.ac.ir/article_90864.html.
  38. Mahdavianfar M, Masuoodnia H, Yazdani Zazerani M. Pathology of the Iranian Policymaking on Primary Prevention of Drug Addiction. Majles and Rahbord. 2020; 27(102): 385-407. [Persian]. https://nashr.majles.ir/article_378.html?lang=en.
  39. Safari H, Haqi N. Qualitative study of social factors of drug addiction, case study: drug addicts in the city of Kaleibar. Journal of Sociological Studies. 2021; 14(1): 89-104. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30495/jss.2020.1910670.1240.
  40. Afzali R, Sarami H, Rahmani H, Rahmani asl M. On the Effectiveness of Media Actions in Fight against Narcotics in Iran. Etiadpajohi. 2017; 11 (42):9-30. [Persian]. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-1413-fa.html.
  41. Babaei M, Najafi Asl Z. Study of The Causes of Rural Youth Tendency to Drug Abuse (Case Study: Villages of Delfan District in Lorestan Province). Journal of Iranian Social Studies. 2018; 12(1): 7-28. [Persian]. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20083653.1397.12.0.13.5.
  42. Ahadi R, Mohammadi S, Toghranegar H. Societal Factors Affecting Industrial drugs Addiction (Case Study: Zanjan City). Legal research. 2022; 21(49): 315-343. [Persian]. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.16829220.1401.21.49.13.1.
  43. Mombeini M, Hosseinzadeh AH, Mombeini A. Study Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Drug Use Tendency Based on the Behavioral Bias Approach (Studied in the Youth of Ahwaz). Social development. 13(3): 197-228. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22055/qjsd.2018.14568.
  44. Akbarian Ronizi S, Sadeghi M. Analysis of effective factors on propensity to addiction in rural areas (Case study: Roniz district). Regional Planning Quarterly. 2017; 7(27): 75-86. [Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22516735.1396.7.27.6.3.
  45. Atadokht A, Porzoor P. On the Role of Student’s Adherence to Islamic Lifestyle in Predicting Their Tendency to Addiction. Etiadpajohi. 2016; 10 (37):11-26. [Persian]. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-1238-fa.html.
  46. Liu H, Li J, Lu Z, Liu W. Does Chinese culture influence psychosocial factors for heroin use among young adolescents in China? A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 2359-2368. [Link].
  47. Tosifian N, Ghaderi Begeh-Jan K, Khaledian M, Farrokhi N. Structural Modeling of Family Function and Drug Craving in Addicted People under Methadone Maintenance Treatment with an Emphasis on the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion. Etiadpajohi. 2018; 11­(44): 209-226. [Persian]. http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-1583-fa.html.
  48. Nemati Sogolitappeh F, Khaledian M. The Qualitative Study of Factors Affecting Relapse to Drug Abuse and Addiction with a Grounded Theory Approach. Etiadpajohi. 2022; 16 (64):279-307. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.64.279.
  49. Salarizare Z, Goodarzi M, Zandi F, Karimi Sani P. Metasynthesis of previous research towards achieving the components of successful marriage in Iran. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology. 20(4): 24-36. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30486/jsrp.2019.1868070.1823.
  50. Tavvafi F, Kiani Q. Predicting Relapse Propensity to Substance Use Based on Self-Harm, Self-Control, and Loneliness in People Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Etiadpajohi. 2024; 18 (72):109-126. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/etiadpajohi.18.72.5.
  51. Firouzjaeian A, Tavakoli J. The Sociological Analysis of Law-breaking in Driving with Emphasis on Theory of Social Control (Case Study: Neka Youths). Strategic Research on Social Problems. 5(2): 25-40. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22108/ssoss.2016.20953.
  52. Khaledian M.The effectiveness of spirituality education based on Islamic teachings in improving the resilience of married students. Social Psychology. 2019; 7(53): 59-68. [Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23455098.1398.7.53.6.8
  53. Khaledian M, Shahmoradi S, Madani Y. Explaining the process of formation of marital infidelity in women with addicted spouses. Etiadpajohi. 2023; 17 (67):197-228. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.17.67.197.
  54. Pourkord M, Gholamrezaei S, Ghazanfari F, Rezaei F. Comparing the Effectiveness of Adlerian Lifestyle-Based Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Compassion Therapy on Substance Abstinence Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life in Opioid-Dependent Individuals. Etiadpajohi. 2022; 16 (64):145-176. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.64.145.
  55. Yousefi N, Khaledian M. Investigating individual, family and environmental factors of individuals' tendency towards drugs and addiction. Crime Prevention. 7(25): 77-94. [Persian]. http://cps.jrl.police.ir/article_13582.html

  • Receive Date 21 April 2025
  • Revise Date 29 July 2025
  • Accept Date 16 August 2025
  • First Publish Date 03 June 2026
  • Publish Date 22 June 2026